chincha culture

Location:
The Chincha O UNITED CHINCHA ture spread through the valleys of Chincha Pisco, Ica and Nazca, although its political center was in the valley of Chincha. The people chincha developed between the years 800 AD until 1476 AD when it was assimilated to the empire of the Incas: the Tahuantinsuyo. The Chincha Culture gets prominence after the fall of the Huari Empire in 1100 AD approx. Was developed where the settlers live before the Paracas culture.

                                                 

Religion
Chinchaycamac, was their chief god and Urpy Huachay (to stop the pigeons) was his sanctuary that refers to a female huaca Pachacámac wife; They believed that their gods came from that island. Their palaces were sanctuaries and huacas
Architecture
The Chincha, like other cultures of the Peruvian coast, adobe architecture developed and used the technique of "adobón" or mud. The main buildings are located in the valley of Chincha, Tambo de Mora, Lurinchincha and San Pedro, where they built ceremonial administrative centers.

                   

       


CERÁMICA.- was polychrome pottery (black, white, cream, red, gray), decorated with geometric figures, various characters, stylized birds and fish. The "Jugs" expressed his particular style of Chincha, has globular body and long neck, with handle intermediate bridge.
They are samples of pottery:
-Vasos Made of hard clay and well polished, usually red clay and decorated with geometric shapes inspired by the textile art.
-Forms Anthropomorphic sculptures with paintings on the cheeks, ankle, wrist and cubresexos, representations of birds and fish with feathers and scales.
-Jarras Globular body and long neck.
-Recipientes Shaped barrels, arranged horizontally, with a small chute and two asitas.
-Platos High-sided vessels and low shores.

                                     

Chincha textiles
Chincha culture in achieving finest fabrics they used to 398 threads per inch, so subtle good job of spinning creating beautiful fabrics.

         

WOOD ENGRAVING CHINCHA
The Chincha culture wood used to produce farm tools and elements used in navigation. Seen in the illustration on top of a ceremonial oar, worked neatly and detailed, which presents five different mythical characters dressed in headdresses birds and geometric figures.
-Tallado Of wooden oars concocted, ceremonial beams

                                     


Tapestries.
 objects and ornaments made of gold, silver, copper and bronze. The chinchas also did work in metallurgy and metal alloy used for their vessels. One of his typical works are the "vessels narigones" were made of silver, gold or an alloy of metals. Its surface could be smooth or embossed with snakes, fish or corn cobs, but always stood out in high relief a human face. To shape the glass, they used the Hammered without using welding.
The size and unique wooden carvings reached technical and artistic significance. They carved various objects, among them instruments in the form of stick or paddle, adorned with many figures and other unadorned. In some it is a resinous red and blue paint, yellow, so the researchers think that these carvings were sticks rudder served to guide ships. Others, on the delicacy of the work, believe they had ceremonial and finally feel that correspond to agricultural implements.

Chimu culture

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
 The Chimu culture, which had the capital to the celebrated city of Chan Chan (city located 5 kilometers from the modern city of Trujillo), expanded by the North Hazta the department of Tumbes and the south to the Rimac river (department Lima). Its main center, as had been his predecessors Moche, found himself located in the valleys of Moche, and Viru Chicame, in the province of Trujillo, the present department of La Libertad, as also in other valleys of existing departments Lambayeque and Piura. This culture developed between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries AD.
                                         

ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION
The Chimu Empire was an immensely rich Empire, a truly prosperous state; possessor also of great natural resources in whose geographic area His stage-stand, today, the largest sugar plantations of Peru, the same that are among the main of America and the World. It is having been the basis for such development its flourishing agriculture, the exploitation of its large marine resources as well as the voluminous production of its many craft centers; the same that led to a thriving business. Moreover, were gold and silver, expressed in wonderful jewelry, which has granted Chimu and Lambayeque also the reputation and celebrity in the contemporary world.
The Chimu economy was characterized by the exploitation of the conquered places that were taxed with food, crafts, work, etc. The labor specialization forced the operation of a bartering system which allowed to obtain products and objects they did not produce.
Agriculture, the basis of the Chimu economy was practiced on a large scale and made it possible to maximize the agricultural frontier, a vast network of canals that supplied water to the rivers of the coast. They also took advantage of the groundwater, enabling huachaques or sunk agricultural fields, which allowed them to obtain several harvests a year. They knew all native food plants and their diet was supplemented with pets, marine and freshwater species, hunting and gathering.
The sea was an inexhaustible source of resources that the Chimu took advantage to the maximum. They used reed boats and wood, equipped with nets, weights and floats, hooks and other fishing tackle, fishing at sea and on shore Beach, where also collected shellfish and seaweed. In addition to great fishermen, navigators were experienced and made long trips to stock up on exotic products like the Spondylus sp. or "mullu" ritual use, or guano, used as fertilizer in agriculture.
During this period, they were planned and built new urban settlements and smaller towns linked by a vast and complex network of roads. New agricultural lands were also incorporated into areas that until then had been deserted.

                                   

Chimu AGRICULTURE
They are worthy of admiration the formidable irrigation systems that counted the Chimu. A result of their effort and creativity, others inherited from their predecessors, the great Moche engineers. Thus, the considerable progress of hydraulic engineering, manifested in the construction of magnificent canals, aqueducts, reservoirs, water intakes, etc., many of them large and solidly built, contributed to the achievement of a flourishing agriculture in broad valleys located , mostly in the departments of Lambayeque, La Libertad, Ancash and Lima. Among the main products: the corn, lima beans, beans, pumpkin, cassava and cotton; also fruit such as cucumber, pacae, soursop, lucuma, guava, plum friar, etc.
Moreover, the Chimu took advantage also, in addition to the waters of the rivers, their "puquio" or waters that flow from underground; also, through the Wachaques, or sunken fields, a new agricultural tácnica, who takes advantage of extremely wet ground, managed to plant mainly reed plant that it provided them making those famous "Totora Horses" effective vehicle for assets fishermen.
In relation to the great valleys of the North Coast, where the Chimu developed a flourishing agriculture, we believe interesting play valuable references that this particular ago, the historian Dr. Macera:                                
One of the characteristics of Chimu society is its rigid division of social groups and also one of the most accepted idea is that the citadels were real palaces in which lived the elite nobility, almost completely isolated from the outside world. Their access was restricted, these palaces not only served as dwellings but elite gathered inside to officials receiving the products that people gave as a tribute.
It is also believed that there were craftsmen serving the noble and that certain parts of the palace housed the servants and clearly differentiated from the area inhabited by the lords. It is assumed that each one of the palaces partencia a ruler and when died, was buried in the funeral industry platforms. The palace still belonged to him and his family continued to live in it pay charge of veneration. The next ruler had to build his own palace where he would live to die and be buried. This means that the palaces were built one after the other, as successive rulers died. The successors of the legendary Tacaynamo have been buried there, each in his palace.
The characteristic of the Chimu architecture are friezes, which were prepared from clay and were used to decorate the walls. These are figures fully cover up relieveque long walls. One of the places where the largest number of friezes is concentrated in the capital city of courtyards and passageways Chanchán profusely decorated with geometric figures of fish and birds. Friezes are known to have bright colors, which made them stand their motives further.
CHAN CHAN              
The wonderful city of Chan Chan, the capital of the Chimu kingdom, is located opposite the sea, near the mouth of the river Moche, occupying about 24 km it is one of the largest cities in pre-Columbian America and its greatness amazes visitors the world despite its tremendous deterioration.
It is possible to distinguish three different sectors, the main thing is a set of large rectangular rooms known as palaces and citadels. Around this is lower housing areas that make up a kind of slums and other large venues.
In the capital city of palaces and citadels Chanchán developed; ie is ten large rectangular areas enclosed by mud walls that reach up to 10 m all are oriented north-south and share a estructurageneral. Inside the space is divided into a series of courtyards with ramps, corridors, rooms, U-shaped structure, funerary platforms, warehouses, workshops, large rectangular water wells. There is usually a single gateway, located on the north side. The citadels are known as Gran Chimu, Velarde, Squier, Tello, Uhle, Maze, Caihuac, Tachuidi, Rivero and Bandelier.
HUACA STRIPE (Purgatory)
Citadel belonging to the Chimu culture, of smaller dimension than Chan-Chan. This urban complex is located in Tucume in Lambayeque. Like Chan-Chan can appreciate its beauty unmatched in its urban lines, as well as its buildings.
Among other housing complexes we are:
- PACATNAMU.- That according to several studies and discoveries, which found many shrines, would be an eminently sacred religious center.
- HUACA PINTADA.- This resort is located close to Túcume, which has beautiful arabesques and paintings.
- BATAN GRANDE.- complex in ruins were released by Mario Florian, which has murals stylizing characters, complicated trappings.

PATHS OF CULTURE CHIMU
The Chimu used a network of roads that probably existed before him, and they were later used by the Incas. The archaeologist Rodriguez Suy Suy has differentiated to four kinds of ways:
1. Longitudinal through the coast or the mountains;
2. Transverse or penetration (coast - saw);
3. Neighborhood;
4. Ceremonial.
The basic trunk roads was four; three of them longitudinal and transversal last. The first running of Casma Sullana and moving the Recuay to Ecuador and then to Cajamarca highlands of Ecuador. The longitudinal road passing through Huacrachuco East and rafts. The great trunk road starting in Pacatnamú penetration on the coast and arrived at Chachapoyas and Cajamarca Yurimaguas. The Chimu were so best connections, for its time, of what we are today. Many of these roads were made during the Formative and were perhaps expanded during the Wari expansion. According to Rodriguez Suy Suy major trunk roads represent a number of basic channels of cultural diffusion between different regions. While roads stimulated the cohesion and exchanges between groups within a single region.
The Tumi                                                    
It was his most representative work, which represented the god Naylamp (ornitomorfa divinity) through the form of bird. It is a type of ceremonial knife Illimo. It was built in gold inlaid soldadita (low grade metal) and used as ornamental elements: Turquoise and Pearls Shell.
In its structure the Tumi was: two plates, front and rear, these plates were thin strokes made on flat surface; well plates were welded to form a structure in the center empty. In the aura that is on top of the head note was made by a semicircle divided into five concentric spaces, likewise it was determined that the edge region is narrow and pearl (sector composed of 12 decorative elements in the form of S ), very narrow area serving pearl division between spaces, geometric carvings zone based on triangles, area comprising eight concentric circles within which inlaid turquoise and finally closed a semicircle decoration in high relief.
With respect to his face; This represents a human face with characteristics of birds (anthropomorphic), circular, deep eyes and ornitorringe form (form of bird), bird-shaped nose, small, rectangular mouth and two ears hang each side attached to the face. Moreover face is smaller than the halo. And finally the body: this had a small head attached to a too small, rectangular body, where small arms were rigid and close to the body with open hands, shoulders get two stylized wings in rectangular form, the body ends in a stylized way to dress edge, his feet are very small and rectangular rigid manner.
Finally it should be emphasized that the second part of Tumi is constituted by a ceremonial knife two sectors: a rectangular part way to handle and a semicircular portion that matches the superior aura, forming a unitary whole.
Goldsmithing techniques to work the Tumi was: carved, embossed, watermark and welding work it properly and that instruments such as hammers wood or metal was used.
Textiles CHIMU
The Chimu textileria highlights the versatility of techniques, iconography and its aesthetic beauty. The yarn is manual and elementary practice to unite a group of small wires to achieve a long continuous thread, in this initial work of the textiles diverse instruments were used as the spindle.
The spindle is a manual instrument made of a small, thin wand that generally tapers at both ends; it is used by a Piruro whorls or inserted at the bottom for a counterbalance. He begins to spin around by the spinning wheel (which is fixed fiber to be spun) some fibers that are fixed in the time it will turn quickly between thumb, cordial and forefinger to achieve winding and twisting unbroken fibers.
When he had already obtained the necessary threads started the bone tissue or combination of crosslinking the threads to fabrics.
The Chimu drew up fabrics, chiffons, brocades, embroidered, double fabrics, painted fabrics, etc. Sometimes textiles were adorned with feathers and gold and silver plates, the dyes were obtained from certain plants containing tannin, molle and walnut; of ferruginous clay minerals such as aluminum and biting animals and cochineal. The garments were produced from the wool of four animals; guanaco, llama, alpaca and vicuna and algodónnativo plant that grows naturally in seven different colors. The clothing of the Chimu consisted of loincloths, sleeveless shirts with or without fringes, small ponchos, tunics, etc.
In the iconography of textiles a central character who is the head of the body separate Chimu appears. This anthropomorphic being usually symmetrical, has outstretched arms, feet and hands directed sideways and almost always wears earrings and a big hit in a half moon. His identity is unknown, although it is said that perhaps represents the divinity of Tiahuanaco sun cove                                                    .
Another image that frequently appears in the iconography of the Chimu textile art is an apparently felinico animal shown hunched.
It dates back to the iconography Moche and Recuay. It is generally found sitting, his alligator, lizard tongue and has crest and tail resembling that of a prehistoric animal, this character is known as the animal of the moon.
Finally it is determined on the basis of various investigations, the Chimu culture has the largest tissue so far found in prehistoric Peru. For its size it has been determined that these huge cotton fabrics in natural state were used to cover walls. In this génerodestaca illustrating the main characters about some prisoners held by a rope, found in the grounds of the hacienda Mocupe within a chamber covered with a stone slab. This half textile about 35 meters long in their original condition and notes that this could be a mythical event or archetype of essential importance for the Chimu culture.
The yarn is manual and elementary practice to unite a group of small wires to achieve a long continuous thread, in this initial work of the textiles diverse instruments were used as the spindle. The spindle is a manual instrument made of a small, thin wand that generally tapers at both ends; it is used by a Piruro whorls or inserted at the bottom for a counterbalance. He begins to spin around by the spinning wheel (which is fixed fiber to be spun) some fibers that are fixed in the time it will turn quickly between thumb, cordial and forefinger to achieve winding and twisting unbroken fibers.
When he had already obtained the necessary threads started the tissue. Crosslinking or combination of threads to fabrics.
The Chimu drew up fabrics, chiffons, brocades, embroidered, double fabrics, painted fabrics, etc. Sometimes textiles were adorned with feathers and gold and silver plates, the dyes were obtained from certain plants containing tannin, molle and walnut; of ferruginous clay minerals such as aluminum and biting animals and cochineal. The garments were produced from the wool of four animals; guanaco, llama, alpaca and vicuna and native cotton plant that grows naturally in seven different colors. The clothing of the Chimu consisted of loincloths, sleeveless shirts with or without fringes, small ponchos, tunics, etc.

inca culture

The great civilizations of antiquity (China, Greece Rome, Egypt, Mesopotamia ...) have always tried to explain their origins based on myths and legends giving a fantastic historical facts that basically contain some truth rollover. The Incas also served as legends to explain its origins.
There are two legends that speak about the origin of the Incas: These legends were collected by the chroniclers Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (legend of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo) and Juan Diez de Betanzos (Legend of the Ayar brothers) by oral sources.
- The legend of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo: The legend of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo was released by the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616). chronicler who was the son of a Spanish captain Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega and Isabel Chimpu ñusta Ocllo, granddaughter of Tupac Yupanqui. The maternal family of the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega that belonged to the Inca nobility was the one that provides first-hand information on the origins of the Inca people.
- Legend of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo

                          

- The legend of the Ayar Brothers: The first article that announced this origin myth was that of Juan Diez de Betanzos (1551), who resided in Cuzco and spoke the Quechua language, as his wife also had an Inca princess linked the lineage of Pachacutec and Atahualpa.
The historian Luis E. Valcarcel wrote a modern version of this myth in 1984 in his book "History of ancient Peru through the written source"
- Legend of the Ayar brothers
                                                     
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INCA CULTURE
Limits of the Inca empire from the north came to Pasto (Colombia) and south to Talca (Chile), in the Maule river. It was the Andean region due to the presence of the Andes, it is characterized by the diversity of its ecology: desert coasts, tropical places, dry plateaus and cold at first glance seem one of the least hospitable environments for life man.
However, the men who lived there have shown over many centuries, be able not only to survive in such circumstances, but also to dominate the geographical environment and create a series of flourishing civilizations. The most famous of these was the Inca empire, which occupied a vast territory of South America, comprising current or parts of the territories of the Republics of Peru, Ecuador, western Bolivia, northern Argentina, northern Chile and southern Colombia. They also dominated the sea; possibly reaching Polynesia.                                          
Although not yet clarified entirely has slipped the hypothesis that the Incas would come to Oceania, namely Polynesian islands such as Easter Island where they left place names, customs and architectural remains, there is even a legend of arrival an Inca up to the almost exact name in other Polynesian island. Its capital was in the city of Cuzco, according to the Peruvian Constitution, is the "historical capital" of Peru, where the four were suyus.
YOUR LIMITS WERE:






North: stretched to the river Ancasmayo north of the current city of Pasto (Colombia), in Ecuador they came to an area that includes the present cities of Quito, Guyaquil, blanket, emeralds and Ambato.

Northeast: they are extending to the Amazon rainforest in the present republics of Peru and Bolivia. It is certainly knows that dominated the present cities of Potosi, Oruro, La Paz and almost all the Peruvian highlands.
Southeast: I get to cross the Andes mountain range reaching what is now known as the cities of Salta and Tucuman in Argentina covering the provinces of La Rioja, Catamarca, Tucuman, Salta and Jujuy
South: there is evidence that the Incas arrived to cover up the Atacama Desert by domain, but advanced to the Maule (Chile) river.
West: the Inca empire limited to the Pacific Ocean and there are those who argue that the Incas arrived to maintain some business with some people from distant Polynesia (Oceania)





CULTURAL POLICY DIVISION INCA
His or regions. During its inception the Tahuantinsuyo was in the southern highlands of Peru, in the valley of Urubamba, from there in the fourteenth century began to expand from the government of Cusi Yupanqui, who is better known as Pacahacutec from this reign is mentioned Historically division of Tahuantinsuyo in four of his, which departed from the central square of Cusco (Aucaypata) and oriented according to the four cardinal points.                                        
The four theirs were:
Chinchaysuyo, Contisuyo, Collasuyo Antisuyo and each of these territories was ruled by His Apo he did on behalf of the Emperor (Sapa Inca). Theirs were divided into huamanis led by Tocricots (Apunchicks).
During the era of greater imperial heyday Chinchaysuyo began in Pasto Colombia and started north of Cusco, ethnic groups within its territory as Chincha, Chimu, Cuismanco, Ishma, etc were; spanned part of Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. From the Chinchaysuyo the mulluo spondylus for divine rites brought. Among the most important cities Chinchaysuyo include Chan Chan, Hatun Xauxa or Pachacamac.
Inca political organization:
The imperial government era of theocratic monarchic type and the maximum authority was the Sapa Inca, advised by the imperial advice. The government of each his (administrative region) was in charge of a SuyuyucApu, acting as viceroy.

                       

The Inca.
Who were the Incas of Tahuantinsuyo.
Concept definition. Inca is a word that comes from the Quechua language and means "king" or "prince". It is the name given to prehistoric rulers of Cuzco, which established a vast empire in the Andes in the fifteenth century, shortly before the Spanish conquest.
The Incas were great conquerors, his empire was located in South America. He was from northern Chile south of Colombia, covering the present territories of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador to the Pacific. Its territory was situated partly on the Andes.
But the name also applies to all subjects of the Inca Empire. The Incas settled the last and most developed of the ancient Andean civilizations.
To better manage such a vast territory, the Incas divided into four regions departing from the capital, Cuzco means "navel". Chinchasuyu, Antisuyu, Contisuyu and Collasuyu. These areas were divided into provinces and cities, composed of "ayllus".
The Inca.
These rulers, whom a divine origin was attributed, were usually associated titles Senor Inca and sapa Inca: "Inca divine" and "only Inca", respectively.
The "cradle Capac" was the official list of rulers of the Inca civilization. It is speculated that there were more rulers of it accepts and that several were erased from official history of empire by different reasons. In total, twelve Inca rulers.
Legendary empire; without expansion period:
1200 - 1230: MancoCápac
1230 - 1260: SinchiRoca
1260 - 1290: LloqueYupanqui
1290 - 1320: Mayta Capac
1320 - 1350: CápacYupanqui
1350 - 1380: Inca Roca
1380 - 1400: Yahuar Huácac
1400 - 1438: ViracochaInca

                 

Historic empire; growth period of the empire:


1438 - 1471: Pachacutec
1471 - 1493: TúpacYupanqui
1493 - 1525: Huayna Capac
1525 - 1532: Huáscar
1532 - 1533: Atahualpa

                 
Imperial Council
The maximum body dedicated to the advice of the Inca sovereign. Composed of eight people:
• The governors suyus (suyuyuq).
• Crown Prince (auqui). Auqui tradition was established by Inca Pachacutec
Tupac Yupanqui was the primerauqui.
• The high priest (WillaqUma).
• A amauta (hamawt'a).
• The general of the imperial army (Apuskipay).

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION.
The society Inca times was organized based classes, but not for the purpose of establishing rigorous differentiation and in order to grant privileges to only certain components but for the purpose of social welfare, just like the unity achieved is explained by the Empire.
Inca society was hierarchical and rigid. There were great differences between social classes, being these differences respected by all the inhabitants of the Empire. Nested classes formed a pyramid where the Inca, yet the power, was at the top, while the people, who were the majority, formed its social base.
1. The ayllu. The word "ayllu" of Quechua and Aymara origin means among others: community, lineage, genealogy, caste, gender, kinship. It can be defined as the set of descendants of a common real or perceived who work the land collectively and with a spirit of solidarity ancestor.
The "ayllu" was the basis and the core of the social organization of the empire. Ayllus they believed descended from a common ancestor, so the joined ties. This ancestor could be mythical or real; and in all cases, the ayllus, retained a "mallqui" (mummy) which worshiped and by which gave meaning to their relaciones.25 mallqui addition, members of an ayllu had common tutelary deities and paid tribute to the land of common form.
A ayllu had livestock, land and water to which all members were eligible provided they met obligations established among members. Each ayllu ran the size of their "tupus" (unit of measurement of the earth), each "tupu" delivered should be worked to keep the right to the land.

In agricultural activity ayllu members they helped each other; the fact of belonging to the ayllu entitled them to receive assistance in the event that their own nuclear family is not enough; this assistance was usually at harvest time, planting or construction of housing for the newlyweds; in these cases came into play the "principle of reciprocity" that required to repay the aid provided.
In the case of curaca (head of "ayllu"), he could ask for help to graze their cattle or work the land. It was obliged to provide food and chicha to assist him but was not required to repay the aid, so there was an asymmetric reciprocity with it.
2. Social classes in the Inca Empire: The Inca society was hierarchical and rigid. There were great differences between social classes, being these differences respected by all the inhabitants of the empire. Nested classes formed a pyramid where the Inca, yet the power was in the top (flat), while the people who made up the majority, formed its social base.
Walks the Inca Empire
Social Classes (Representatives)
Royalty
- Inca
- The Coya: Wife of Inca
- The Auqui: Son of Inca and heir
Nobility
- Nobility of Blood: Remaining members Panacas (relatives of the former Inca).
- Nobility of Privilege: People who emphasized by their services; Priests, chiefs and senior Acllas.
Ayllu
- Hatun Runa: Tax (peasant).
- Mitmaqkuna: Groups transferred to colonize new regions teaching people new ways.
- Yanas: Servers and Inca empire.
- Pinas: Inca-dependent prisoners who were not chosen as Yanaconas war.
3. The Inca nobility
In the empire two main lineages existed, Hanan Cuzco and Hurin Cuzco, of which the Sapa came Inca or monarch. Whenever an Inca died was political instability between these two lineages and the descendants of the last monarch by the power. When one instituted the new Inca, this one conformed a new own lineage or Panaca. There were at least a dozen panacas in the empire, whose members had several privileges.
The nobility of blood in the Inca empire is estimated at the time of her fall in than 10,000 individuals distributed in different parts of the territory, who met administrative and military functions. Part of the strategies used by the Incas to put under other towns, after military confrontations, was to establish married alliances between local caciques and the daughters or concubines of Inca as a creating bows that allowed the pacific occupation. It was also common for the chief hand over their daughters to Inca, which are sent directly to Cuzco to be part of his harem.
4. panacas
Panacas lineages were direct descendants of a reigning Inca, excluding the successor and preserved Inca mummy of the deceased, as his memoirs, quipu, songs and paintings in memory of the late generations. These real panacas were the Cuzco elite. They had a role in politics of the empire and its alliances and enmities were crucial to the history of the Inca capital.
It is said that there were other panacas, which played an important role in the past. A curious note about the clans, is that if you add the traditional panacas, a total of 8 panacas obtained by each dynasty, which is a frequent number in the Andean organization of ayllus for being a multiple of duality and the quadrupling
5. Hatun Runa
They were the bulk of the population began his service to the state with the majority, hence the meaning "old man." They were ordinary people of the Inca empire were engaged in livestock activities, agriculture, fisheries and crafts; were the workforce. You could have them to serve in the military and work the land the state also could be named "mitmaqkuna" or "yana".
Even before marriage, parents were the ones designated work their children. After the marriage the man acquired responsibilities to the state. From the marriage the "Hatun Runa" should benefit the state for life. But before that the children were having minor obligations they were increasing in responsibility with age. There were teenagers who are assigned the task of hauling loads for the state and the army; seniors were commissioned auxiliary tasks that required major criterion.
6. mitmaqkuna
Were people who were transferred to other regions with their families and under the command of their ethnic leader, these populations remained in remote areas for a certain time performing tasks assigned by the state or by their own leaders. These groups did not lose their communal rights, and maintained ties of reciprocity and kinship. According to chronicles, the "mitmaqkuna" kept his clothes and headgear used in their hometowns, also moved taking their goods.
It was transplanted with the aim of producing goods which would then be redistributed populations. In some cases the population was moved as a sign of confidence and in others as punishment; the difference lay in the lives of each other (punished and rewarded). Cieza de Leon says that there were members of the Cuzco elite were moved with their families to teach the language and Inca traditions, these were chosen as a sign of confidence and given 'farms' houses, gifts, luxury items, honors and signal even reward women for having to travel far from Cuzco.
7. Yanakunas
The "Yanakuna" or simply yanas are a difficult population group difinir while populations were taken from their ethnic group for specific tasks but in some cases had important governmental functions which in some cases have to be chiefs and even " acllas "granted by the Inca. Basically the "Yanakuna 'population were chosen for their ability to provide a special service groups Yanakuna taken from Chan Chan to Cuzco for its metallurgical services are documented and transferred to Cañaris groups Yucaypara Valley maize cultivation. In the case of corn production of the Canari de Yucay, it served to direct feeding of Cuzco panacas.
The population 'yana' was also delivered by the Inca other special services chiefs in this case did as he ordered the person to whom they were responsible. Yanas were spread across most of the empire, documenting 'yanas' care of the mummies of the Inca rulers; also the sun and the huacas had 'yanas' at your service (Cieza de Leon describes yanas care of the Temples of "Huanacaure" and "Huarochirí").

                             


Economic Organization.
Upon reaching the Inca Empire, the Spanish agreed to highlight the success of its economy. The chroniclers described the products found in deposits, praising the abundance of production in both agriculture and livestock; Europeans also praised the equitable distribution of these products among the population.
The production work was rotary redistributive (mita) and was periodically delivered by the ayllus of the Inca empire. This system was not Inca creation as it was based on the traditional way of administration, the Incas brought this system to its fullest storing and redistributing production according to the needs and state interests.

The base of the economy was agriculture; the lands were communal. Each family had their land to cultivate and feed. Larger families, receiving more land.


                           

     

8. The tenure
The tenure was a right that people have to belong to a particular ethnic group. The chiefs divided the land according to the needs of individuals and their families. The unit of measure was "tupu" but the dimensions of "tupu" could vary according to the performance of the land. According to a household that received 1 1/2 tupu, at birth a son were assigned an additional tupu and if born a woman were assigned additional tupu 1/2; if the children married, additional tupus were retired to the family.

There was a marked difference between the lands of state and devoted to worship, they were managed independently and their crops were stored separately. Inti, Mamaquilla, Chuquiilla, Pachamama had land allocated to her cult, as well as the shrines of the mythical ancestors as Huanacaure; besides the state, in many cases, it was allocated land to the deities of the conquered ethnic groups. Labor for work of state land and worship was obtained from the mita.
9. The merchants
In the Spanish chronicles mention the existence of merchants, these merchants were ásicamente coastal dwellers who were dedicated to the exchange of products. Maria Rostworowski clear about the context used for the word "merchant" at the time of the Inca empire should be understood in an alien environment to the use of the currency in which there was only the "barter" (exchange) economy.
There were two important groups of traders called "chinchanos traffickers" and "Northern traffickers." Chincha had two routes, a maritime route that went to the north on rafts carrying copper and bringing mullu, this route came hastaManta and Portoviejo, there was another land route that went from Chincha to Cuzco.
10. Agriculture
As the Andes a predominantly agricultural society, the Incas were able to maximize the ground, winning the adversities that offered the injured Andean terrain and inclement weather. The adaptation of agricultural techniques that already were used previously in different parts, allowed the Incas to organize the production of various products, both on the coast, mountains and jungle, to redistribute to people who had no access to other regions. Technological achievements, achieved at the farm level, would not have been possible without the labor that was available to the Inca, and the road network that allowed properly store and harvested resources and spread throughout its territory.

                               
             

                 

11. Agricultural Tools
Cuzco ancient Peruvians for their farming used, as they had no oxen for the lack of animals, human-powered plow they called the tajlla or chaquitajlla, a pointed stick, with a slightly curved tip, sometimes It was made of stone or metal. Before its terminal another cross had this tool stick, the farmer supported his foot to sink into the ground and then do the groove. Inca hand tools used in agriculture could not be overcome, especially when it comes to work in Andean slopes or scopes limited like the platforms.

     

12. Fertilizers
The importance of agriculture led the Indians to find fertilizer for their crops. The information we have about fertilizers come from coastal states and the use of renewable natural resources. The main fertilizers used are appointed by the chroniclers and were used mainly for maize production which would confirm the suggestion of Murra about the priority of this crop.
A first installment consisted of burying along with grains, small fish like sardines oanchovetas. A representation of this system was painted on the walls of one of the sanctuaries of Pachacamac where Maize appeared a plant germinating of little fish. The second payment was used manure marine lasaves that thousands nest on offshore islands.
The appeal called guano formed by the droppings of birds and the coastal was customary to remove the guano islands. The third renewable resource came from mulch fallen leaves from the Huarangos used to improve soils.

                         

13. Platforms
The Incas had a special preoccupation with finding ways to improve soil conditions for agriculture. The variety of climate and difficult territory,
They led them to seek different solutions, and there were many found ways to address the problem. Among the most popular measures are the construction of platform, that during the Inca government was given great importance.
Although they are claiming to mobilize large amounts of manpower, that the state Inca could realize with relative ease. The platforms are artificial agricultural terraces that serve to obtain useful for planting on steep Andean slopes ground. Allow better use of water, both rain and irrigation, circulating it through the channels that communicated their diverse levels, this measure prevented while the hydraulic soil erosion. The platforms not only good for growing corn, but for cultivation of different agricultural products, and even for different uses: for crops to prevent erosion, to wash the mineral salt, etc.

                                         

14. The ridges
They were artificial lands constructed in the shores of Lake Titicaca. They tried to mounds of earth that allowed store and better use of water in places frequent floods because of rains. They used a series of agricultural techniques in the ridges, including the layout of artificial furrows to give protection to plants, facilitate drainage during the rains, floods, irrigation, manure sources, and especially to decrease the cold night raw in the highest, thus preventing frost.
                                     
15. Irrigation
The -channels and bocatomas- hydraulic knowledge, allowed the irrigation and cultivation, especially of maize. The Peruvian coast is characterized by vast deserts cut by rivers flowing through the mountains and the streams whereof shall allow the emergence of agriculture. The coastal water engineers were the biggest since they were perfected and achieved quite sophisticated methods of irrigation, especially the Moche and later Chimu. In Cuzco the two rivers that cross the city, paving with stones their channels and establishing pedestrian bridges were channeled.
An example of the mountain technology is Cumbemayo, in Cajamarca, channel carved in stone. The importance of hydraulic works is reflected in the numerous myths that count the origins of these works.
16. Agricultural products
Along with livestock, agriculture was the basis of the Incan economy. The populations that inhabited the Andean area managed to domesticate and to acclimate a great variety of products to various conditions, capitalizing on land considered difficult for agricultural production. The main product that cultivated was the Pope, which prepared with different types of potato starch; also other tubers such as nasturtiums, olluco and goose. Maize was considered a resource of sumptuary type that granted prestige and was cultivated with bureaucratic, military and ceremonial purposes. On the coast cultivated sweet potatoes, beans, etc.
17. Livestock
In pre-Hispanic Andean camelids they played a really important role in the economy. Were particularly lallama and alpaca (the only camelids domesticated by the Andean man) those that, bred herds of large scale, were used for different purposes within the production system of the Incas. Similarly, they were used two species of camels untamed: the vicuna and the guanaco. The first of these was hunted through the clearings (collective huntings) to be sheared (with tools of cattle ranch like stones, knives, axes of stone and metal axes as copper) and then released; and made sure that their number is kept.
The guanacos however, were hunted for their meat, which was very appreciated. The chroniclers say that all camel meat was eaten, but because of the restrictions that existed for their slaughter its consumption must have been a luxury. Probably the population had access to fresh meat only in the army or sometimes ceremonial, when an ample distribution of sacrificed animals was done. In colonial times, the pastures were disappearing or becoming impoverished exclusively due to the massive presence of the animal introduced by the Spaniards and eating habits that these had. The average Andean environment underwent a considerable change with the domestic animal that arrived with the Hispanic presence.
                                     

18. WORK
The Inca work Mita The Minka The Ayni
The work represented the main activity of the Inca empire and presented the following forms: mita, dodgy, Minca and Ayni.
The economy of the Inca Empire was based mainly on agriculture, which is why they put the greatest emphasis on this activity Economy Incas used different zones. How are you areas were determined by the height at which they were, he was named this control system Vertical production. This allowed them to have a variety of products that ensured their survival. The four production areas were: Mountains, the Puna, the coast and the jungle.
Mita: It was a working system to the State, where crowds of Indians were mobilized to work for three months shift work building roads, bridges, fortresses, administrative centers, temples, aqueducts, mining, etc. There was a mita for special services like the workings of freighters of the Sapa Inca, musicians and dancers chasquis, obligated to fulfill this work were the adult married men, but not women, comprised between 18 and 50 years.
THE Minca, MINKA, or minga, is the work that was done in works in favor of aylluy the Sun (Inti), a species of communal work free and in turn, was a form of benefit to the state, where concurred many families carrying their own tools, meals and drinks. Families participating in the construction of local irrigation channels, as well as helping on the farm of the orphaned and old disabled people. When aylluconvocaba minca to work, no one refused, but people who did not attend the work were expelled from ayllu and lost their right to land.
Ayni: it was a working system of family reciprocity between members of ayllu, destined to agricultural work and construction of houses. Ayni consisted of the aid of works that a group did of people to members of a family, provided that this corresponded similarly when they needed it, as they say: "today for you, tomorrow for me" and remuneration meals and drinks served during the days that the work is performed. This tradition continues in many communities farmers of Peru, helping itself in the workings of kitchen, pasturing and construction of houses.

                               


CULTURAL EVENTS OF THE INCAS
A. Religion. Religion was constantly present in all areas of the Inca work. In the legends of how the Inca empire, it is seen a marked sexual difference between man and woman. They were polytheistic (ie believed in many gods), highlighting the cult of "Sun God".
B. worldview. According to Inca mythology, there were three different worlds, which had been created by the Inca god Viracocha (also known as Wiracocha or Huiracocha).
The division is made as follows:
1. Hanan Pacha (the world above, celestial or unearthly) was heavenly world and only the right people could get into it, crossing a bridge made of hair. In the Andean tradition defined by Hanan Pacha as higher world where the gods lived as Viracocha, Inti, Mama Quilla, Pachacamac, Mama Cocha, etc.
2. Kay Pacha (this world and here) in the Andean world, Kay Pacha is the name of the underworld, where humans live and spend their lives.
3. Uku Pacha (the world below or the underworld): in Andean mythology, Uku Pacha was below the world or the world of the dead, unborn children and all that was beneath the surface of the earth or the sea. The sources, caves or other openings of the land area was considered lines of communication between the Uku Pacha and Kay Pacha.
C. Inca Gods.
Inti:
Was the sun god and supreme god, who exercised sovereignty today in the divine plan (HANANPACHA). Another son of the sun god of the ancient world (Ñaupapacha) and ruled the human being in the world today (Kaypacha). Inti was the most important of the Inca Empire being adored in several sanctuaries popular divinity. They gave him gifts of gold, silver and cattle, and the Virgins of the Sun calls.
You will also be made human offerings in the month of Capac bank, which often consisted of prisoners on death row, as the most important god.                                          
Mama Quilla
She was the mother moon and wife of Inti. Mother of the sky, it was a statue in the Temple of the Sun, in which an Order of Priestesses worshiped. The ancient Moche unlike the Incas, considered to the Moon the main deity.
Pacha Mama
Pachacámac
Mama Cocha                        
Unlike coastal societies such as the Chimu, Incas used a quite sober decoration.


                       

Architecture.
Inca architecture is characterized by the simplicity of its forms, their solidity, their simetríay to seek their constructions harmonize the landscape. Unlike coastal societies such as the Chimu, Incas used a quite sober decoration.


             

         



The main material used was stone. In the simplest constructions it was placed uncut, but not in the more complex and important. Inca builders developed techniques to raise enormous walls, true mosaics formed by blocks of carved stone that fit perfectly, without among them could pass nor a pin. Often those blocks were so large that it is difficult to imagine his positioning, the best samples of this ability are in the zone of Cuzco. It is known that the best stone carvers were Collas, from the Altiplano and many of them were taken to Cusco to serve the state.

 Ceramics
The Inca pottery is different from the styles that dominated the area centroandina pre-Tahuantinsuyo times. The Inca style is characterized by mass production,
Having found evidence of the use of a large amount of molds that allowed to spread a production extremely standardized. Their colors are characterized by intensive use of different shades of brown and sepia, besides red, black, white, orange and purple, producing a relatively wide range of combinations.

                                                         

Predilection by the geometric designs shown in Inca pottery, predominantly diamonds, bars, circles, bands and triangles. Typical forms are aríbalo and queros, although the latter were from the Middle Horizon and were also made of wood and metal. The State Inca established different types of relationships with local ceramists and took advantage of different ways its techniques and styles potters. local style vessels were mobilized and are circulated throughout the country, thus merging the different techniques.
F. Sculpture
Work in stone constitute the other great set of Inca accomplishments worth noting. Usually limited to zoomorphic representations of llamas, llamas, vicunas and alpacas, and fitomorfas, corncobs, which are known as conopas and numerous bowls and called containers popularly mortars.                                          
Routed such in the Andean artistic traditions, the Incas knew to print an own and original character to their works that were based on a simplification of forms by means of simple geometric volumes and outlining of the decorative reasons very next to a geometrical and cubist aesthetic conception . The Inca art was characterized by sobriety, geometry and the synthesis, tending more practical and functional than the formal.
G. Painting
The painting as esthetic expression manifested in murals and mantles. The painted murals were applied on walls plastered with mud using painting to the temple, unlike paintings used for art. By elHorizonte Early the paint was applied directly on the plastered wall, whereas during the Early Intermediate Period 'plaster wall was covered with white paint and then apply the desired pattern. Another means used at the same time consisted of drawing incised motifs on wet mud and then filling it with paint.
Moche era murals in high relief and mud as those found in the Huaca de la Luna and Huaca del Brujo in Chicama paint was used.
The technique and the use of mantles painted on fabrics plain cotton was the custom of all the coast, with greater emphasis on the north. Still by the years of 1570-1577 were artists specialized in the art of paint mantles that exerted their office moving from one place or another. At that time these artisans asked the judge for permission to use their art and to go freely by valleys without being hindered. In museums and private collections these mantles can be appreciated, employees to cover naked walls may serve as a dress or the important gentlemen.
Another line within the pictorial art was the accomplishment of a luck of painted maps that represented a place or region. Betanzos Elcronista note that the Cuzco dignitaries came to him after the defeat of Chancas inflicted by the prince Cusi Yupanqui to offer the tassel and found it painting the changes that thought to introduce in Cuzco.
H. Gold and metallurgy
The Andean region of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador was the cradle of the metallurgy at South American level and arose without any influence from the Old World.
There were two metallurgical centers one in the zone of Peruvian plateau - Bolivian and another on the north coast in the Mochica-Lambayeque region. Of these two places the knowledge south to Chile and Argentina, and north to Colombia and later PanamaTo reach the western coast of Mexico spread.